How to avoid making email a career-ending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to avoid making email a career-ending - Essay Example In that apology email to the boss, ensure that she (the boss) does not ignore the email (as she probably receives dozens of emails daily and especially in the morning). In order to ensure this, the subject of the email should indicate it’s an apology and should be in capital letters so that it easily attracts attention thereby reducing the chances of it being ignored (Schwalbe and Shipley, 2008). Having decided to send the email, ensure that the emotions and tone are indicated in the email for sincerity purposes, identify yourself and explain how sorry you are for sending such an email, show respect to the authority by using formal language and keep the message focused. After drafting the email, proofread it (even if it is loudly) to ensure you have passed your sincere apologies and then check the email address again and sending options to ensure the previous sending mistake of a private message to the public is not repeated the send it (Jerz and Bauer, 2011). In order to ensure you do not end your career, offer to schedule an appointment with her to apologize in person. Barry D. (May 6, 2007). â€Å"You’ve Got Trouble.† The New York Times. Retrieved from:

The quartering of british soldiers during the american revolution Essay

The quartering of british soldiers during the american revolution - Essay Example However as time passed by the revolution felt strong wind in its favor and that no doubt came from the common mass, without whom no revolution at any part of the world can experience a long lasting success. The erratic rules that were frequently imposed on the Americans by the British government, led by King George the third; combined with high level of taxes that were totally biased towards the Americans, initiated a slow burning furnace of hatred amidst the heart of many Americans. As referred by Ward â€Å"The quartering of troops on private property was one of the objectionable measures that contributed to the coming of the American Revolution.†1 The quartering act acted as a positive catalyst to hasten the outburst of the hatred of the American people that finally transformed into The Great American Revolution. The East Coast of America was the first to fall prey to the British Colonialism. In 1700s the mentioned place was colonized by the British and the period might wel l be marked as the initiation of an oppressive rule that was often erratic and clueless while governing those people whom it had colonized. The need of formation, implementation and monitoring of the law was indeed needed but with much more rationality that the British Government had shown. To maintain the domination on a foreign land and to look after the basic securities so that it should not fall in hand of the enemies; maintaining of troops is needed on that land. Maintaining a large troop will definitely seek the three basic needs of any human being, namely food cloth and shelter and all these involves a cost that has to be maintained from the government revenue. To solve this problem and to find a single solution to this double trouble the quartering act was thought of and implemented by the British Government. In brief the act required the people living in American Land to provide barracks, bedding, utensils, certain specific staple provisions as well as a daily quota of cide r and beer to the British troops implemented on American soil and all that at free of cost. Such an act must come with a prelude that acts as a veil on the eye of the commons and the Britons were masters in such act. During the French and the Indian war posting British troops in American land was indeed needed. Again it was obvious while those soldiers were looking after the safety of the colonists they should also provide shelter and food from their own account. This was a war time emergency and many Americans realized that. There was almost no resistance while quartering for British troops on American soil was passed for the first time during the Indian and French war. But it was expected as soon as these wars would be over the temporary law would also be abandoned. In sheer contrast the coming time witnessed the legalization of Quartering law for the first time in 17652. Again, quartering stressed the already tiring financial status of the colonial legislatures under further fina ncial burden3. However, the initial quartering act that was enacted in the month of

Jameson Irish Whiskeys Marketing Team Communication

Jameson Irish Whiskeys Marketing Team Communication INDIVIDUAL BUSINESS REPORT-JAMESON MARKETING Executive Summary: In this report, I will study and analyse Jameson Irish Whiskeys marketing team and how they communicate with their stakeholders (particularly their potential customers). I will firstly define communication and explain the importance of using communication in a business. I will analyse Jamesons Sine Metu campaign and explain how it works well at communicating with potential customers. I will then talk about Jamesons successful use of social media as a marketing tool and I will consider what they do to use it successfully in communicating with stakeholders. I will then make one recommendation to Jameson on how I think they could improve their communications with their stakeholders. Section 1: In this report, I am going to talk about the way Jameson Irish Whiskey communicates with its stakeholders. They have a full marketing team employed exclusively to engage with possible consumers. This team is very effective in marketing their product with consumers and I will discuss and analyse their methods of doing so. Section 2: Marketing whiskey is quite difficult in Ireland due to Irelands strict alcohol advertising codes. However, Jameson have created the Sine Metu campaign to great effect while still staying within the constraints of these codes. Sine Metu is Jamesons family motto and literally translates to without fear and it is printed on every bottle they produce. The aim of this campaign is to encourage their stakeholders to take a risk every now and then and enjoy themselves by indulging in this product. We believe that when we fear a bit less, we live a bit more. We laugh more, meet more people, experience new things. As a company, it means were open to new possibilities, new neighbourhoods, new ways of making whiskey. (Jameson 2017). The way the motto is in Latin is very effective in adding a certain amount of sophistication to the brand also. This feature of sophistication gathers a larger market as the people who want more classy drinks will be drawn in by it. This motto originates from when the founder, John Jameson, was awarded it for his bravery in fighting pirates off the coast of Scotland. This historical aspect to the motto is also very powerful in staying true to the roots of the brand. It is very important to stay true to their roots as it also adds a sense of culture to the drink which would otherwise be lacking. Potential customers would also be more likely to buy this drink over newer drinks as it reminds people that Jameson has been around for such a long time so it has had a lot of time to perfect its recipe. These small reasons to get people to buy Jameson rather than other similar whiskeys are vital as the retail industry has a lot of similar products. The actual taste difference between these whiskeys are minimal so Jameson must offer some things that competitors cant to justify charging slightly higher prices and still expect sales. It is uncertain if this campaign is successful yet as all advertising is not, should not, and cannot be designed to produce immediate purchases on the part of all who are exposed to it. Immediate sales results (even if measurable) are, at best, an incomplete criterion of advertising effectiveness. In other words, the effects of much advertising are much more long-term (Lavidge and Steiner 1961) so the true results are yet to be seen. Social media is a massive part of Jamesons interactions with its stakeholders as it encompasses a wide range of online, word-of-mouth forums including blogs, company-sponsored discussion boards and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer e-mail, consumer product or service ratings websites and forums, Internet discussion boards and forums, moblogs (sites containing digital audio, images, movies, or photographs), and social networking websites, to name a few (Mangold and Faulds 2009) so there is a massive audience to preach to for Jameson as well as there being a large opportunity for consumers to speak between themselves. Jameson also utilises social media to great effect. It has more than 57,300 followers on Instagram, 41,500 subscribers on YouTube and over 2 million likes on Facebook. http://digiday.com/marketing/right-amount-craic-inside-jamesons-social-strategy/. With the reach and community influence, participation in social media marketing is the new fifth P of marketing (Tuten and So lomon 2014). This shows us the importance it is for modern companies to communicate with its stakeholders using social media. There are over 250 million people that have active profiles on Facebook. More than 364 million people read blogs, 14 million people are registered Twitter users and YouTube has more than 100 million viewers per month. There is more reach than ever before, hence, the opportunities in social media marketing are greater than ever before (Zarrella 2009). We were lucky enough as students studying the Digital Innovation Creativity Enterprise module to hear from Aisling Tobin (Jameson Brand Manager in Pernod Ricard) in the Get Social conference on 14th February 2017. She had a very interesting speech to give us. She showed us how much work goes into social media marketing. One thing I found particularly interesting was Jamesons method of keeping stakeholders interested outside of peak times by putting up quizzes on social media. This keeps users of the brand interested and engaged with the brand even when they are not drinking. One of Jamesons main weaknesses is the lack of sales midweek and that is why keeping stakeholders engaged during these times is pivotal. Her analogy of how they decide on what they post to social media was interesting as she said that content is King and engagement is Queen. This shows us that they really consider what they post as they want it to be informative, however, there is a fine line between being infor mative and being boring. Also, it is pointless in posting good quality content if potential customers dont engage with it so they must keep it interesting and give stakeholders a reason to watch/read it. It is important also to manage any unhappy customers as on social media dissatisfied customers can protest out loud, attainment many other customers easily and damaging the brands image. One critique I would have of Jamesons communications with its stakeholders is that it hasnt taken full advantage of snapchat yet. With 158 million daily active users and 2.5 billion snaps per day (DRM 2017), there are huge opportunities available to advertise to a massive number of people. Section 3: There isnt a lot of recommendations I would make to Jameson as there marketing team are doing a very good job already of communicating with its stakeholders. The one small thing I would put more emphasis on though is snapchat due to the potential reach they may have there. However, Jameson recorded its 27th consecutive year of growth for the year ending June 2016, with the whiskey now representing almost a quarter of Pernod Ricards sales in the United States (Taylor 2016). This shows us that Jameson certainly is doing something right and any radical changes would be completely unnecessary. I would advise other businesses to follow Jamesons lead on many things though, especially the emphasis they put on social media, as it has a very successful method of communicating with its stakeholders which has been proven over a long time. Bibliography: HÃ ¥kansson, H. and Snehota, I. 1989. No business is an island: The network concept of business strategy. EconPapers, 5(3), pp.187-200. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0956522189900262 [Accessed 20 March 2017]. J.D. Power 2013. Poor Social Media Practices can Negatively Impact a Businesses Bottom Line and Brand Image [Online].Available from: http://www.jdpower.com/press-releases/2013-social-media-benchmark-study [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Krishnamacharyulu, C.S.G. and Lalitha, R. 2008. Business Communication [Online]. Himalaya Publishing House. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.dcu.idm.oclc.org/lib/dcu/reader.action?docID=3011194 [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Jameson 2017. Sine Metu: The Story of John Jameson [Online]. Available from: https://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/ca/article/sinemetu [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Lavidge, R.J. and Steiner, G.A., 2000. A model for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness. Advertising Society Review, 1(1). Available from: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2941/summary [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Mangold, W.G. and Faulds, D.J., 2009. Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), pp.357-365. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681309000329. [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014. Social media marketing. Sage. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=l_iICwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=social+media+marketingots=uET746bz6Vsig=fUUdvQ2VN_BiAMvZWD8AcKJebhA#v=onepageq=social%20media%20marketingf=false [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Zarrella, D., 2009. The social media marketing book [Online]. OReilly Media, Inc. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=chd3yfExXMECoi=fndpg=PR4dq=social+media+marketingots=u6Q0p_A1W5sig=Gp1VnPHQ2hYmcIxvpxdIwC96gMQ#v=onepageq=social%20media%20marketingf=false [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T., 2012. Social media marketing. Life Science Journal, 9(4), pp.4444-4451. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/670_13061life0904_4444_4451.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2017]. DRM 2017. 121 Amazing Snapchat Statistics and Facts (February 2017) [Online]. Available from:http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/snapchat-statistics/ [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Taylor, C. 2016. Jameson sales rise 12% by volume to 5.7m cases. The Irish Times: Ireland [Online], 1 September. Available from: http://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/jameson-sales-rise-12-by-volume-to-5-7m-cases-1.2774681 [Accessed 20 March 2017].

Computers in Medicine :: essays research papers

We live in an age of science and technology. The appliances of science and technology have revolutionized our way of life. There is nothing that has influenced our lives more than a computer. We have become dependant on them for almost every aspect of our lives. There is no field that is devoid of the influence of computer applications. The demand of computers has been dramatically increasing in many fields. I believe that among the fields that have made tremendous advances in the twentieth century due to the advancement of computers, medicine stands out from the rest. The medical field is continuously using the newest technology to better the treatment and diagnosis of patients in order to help people. There are many different aspects in which technology is being used to improve the field of medicine. This technology aids in administrative matters, non-direct healthcare, and specialized medical equipment in fields such as pharmaceuticals, radiology, virtual surgery and virtual medi cine. In administrative matters, computers impact patient billing, online referrals, and computerized patient records. According to (Bader, S.A & Braude, 1998), there are software programs that exist to aid physicians in insurance billing. Without these applications, a physician or highly trained assistant would have to spend hours writing thousands of claims by hand. One program called Medical Billing Assistant accomplishes this tedious task. The program receives input such as dates, price, patient numbers, and medical procedure codes. The software records the data and produces an output, which can be mailed to insurance companies, kept for log, or given to patients. Computers not only aid in the administration and organization of patient records, but in actual health care. The Internet has made a huge impact on the health care system. Health care on the Internet has become diverse and significantly present in the past two to three years. Throughout the years, Internet services for health care evolved. According to (Douglass K., 1997), during the first generation, uses of the Internet have been applications of information that describe products, and services that are available from health care providers. During the second generation, the Internet was used for transactions that involved electronic data exchanges, which includes purchasing prescription drugs. As technology advances, the third generation will involve the use of complex health management programs and the managing of clinical information. (Douglass K., 1997), â€Å"It will be challenging to regulate health care on the Internet.

Cis207 Syllabus

|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Information Systems & Technology | | |CIS/207 Version 3 | | |Information Systems Fundamentals |Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the fundamentals of computer systems and the role of information processing in today's business environment. An overview is presented of information systems, systems development, operating systems and programming, database management, networking and telecommunications, and the Internet. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly dif ferent depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Rainer, R. K. , Jr. , & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business (4th ed. . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Turban, E. , & Volonino, L. (2011). Information technology for management: Improving strategic and operational performance (8th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Information Systems Overview | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Identify the components and roles of information systems. | | | |Explain the system development life cycle methodology. | | | | |Explain the system development life cycle methodology. | | | | |Describe how IT systems enable and enhance the organization. | | | |Course Preparation |Read the course description and objectives. | | | | |Review the Learning Team Toolkit. | | |Readings |Read Ch. 1, â€Å"Information Systems in the 2010s,† of Information Technology for Management: | | | | |Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. , â€Å"IT Infrastructure and Support Systems,† of Information Technology for | | | | |Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. , â€Å"Organizational Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Information Systems,† of | | | | |Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | | |Read Technology Guide 1, â€Å"Hardware,† of Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting and | | | | |Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | |Read Technology Guide 2, â€Å"Software,† of Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting and | | | | |Transforming Business | | | | | | | | | |Read the Week One Read Me First. | | | | |Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. | | |Participation |Post your biography to the appropriate Chat Room thread. | | | | |Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. |Daily |4 | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). |Thursday | | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). |Saturday | | | |Post weekly personal summary (PS). |Monday | | | |Review the Learning Team Toolkit. | | |Learning Team Project Goal and|Propose a new system for Riordan Manufacturing to use to improve its business. Riordan is |Final | | |Instructions |one of the Virtual Organizations. A link to the Virtual Organizations can be found on the |Power Point is | | | |student website. |Due Monday of | | | | |Wk#5 | | | |Develop a 7- to 10-page paper (2800 words minimum) and a 10- to 13-slide Microsoft ® | | | | |PowerPoint ® presentation of the project to be submitted in Week Five.The paper must include |Final Paper is | | | |the following: |Due Monday of | | | | |Wk#5 | | | |An executive summary of the project, summarizing the rest of the material in the paper | | | | |An identification of the business requirements using a BRD. | | | | |A table defining hardware/software changes to be implemented. | | | |A description of how the proposed information system changes will enhance the existing | | | | |processes. | | | | |Process flow charts with supporting descriptions that articulate the business requirements in| | | | |terms of specific processes or business development needs. | | | |Individual |An individual college research paper is not assigned for the first week. | | | |Assignment | | | | Week Two: Information Flow and Security | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify how information flows through an organization. | | | | |Describe system components that enable information use. | | | | |Identify the effect of information security concerns on systems. | | | | |Evaluate ethical situations in IT. | | | |Readings |Read Technology Guide 1, â€Å"Computer Hard ware,† of Introduction to Information Systems: | | | | |Supporting and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 3, â€Å"Data, Text, and Document Management,† of Information Technology for Management: | | | | |Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 4, â€Å"Network Management and Mobility,† of Information Technology for Management: | | | | |Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 5, â€Å"IT Security, Crime, Compliance and Continuity,† of Information Technology for | | | | |Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 4, â€Å"Global Ecology, Ethics, and Social Responsibility,† of Information Technology | | | | |for Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance | | | | | | | | | |Read the Week Two Read Me First. | | | | |Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in cl ass discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily |4 | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). |Thursday | | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). |Saturday | | | |Post weekly personal summary (PS). |Monday | | |Learning Team Instructions |Create Team Charter (sample found in Course Materials Forum). |Monday | | | | | | | | |Begin working on proposal for new system. | | | | | | | | |Create the first draft of the Executive Summary. |Monday |4 | | | | | | | |Begin defining the business requirements of the selected systems. | | | |Individual |Write a 3-4-page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper identifying and describing |Monday |10 | |Assignment |how information systems support the business processes in an organization. | | |Information Systems Paper | | | | | |Describe the business processes within your current place of employment or an organization | | | | |with which you are familiar. | | | | |Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the info rmation systems you have chosen to describe | | | | |and how to improve those systems. | | | | |NOTE: college research papers require at least 2 references cited. | | | Week Three: Web & Mobile Computing, Operating Systems, Applications | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify how the Internet and mobile devices impact information systems and organizations. | | | | |Identify common computer application software used at personal and enterprise levels. | | | | |Explain how information systems utilize new technologies. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 6, â€Å"E-Business and E-Commerce,† of Information Technology for Management: Improving | | | | |Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 7, â€Å"Mobile Computing and Commerce,† of Information Technology for Management: | | | | |Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 8, â€Å"Web 2. and Social Media,† of Information Technology for Management: Improving | | | | |Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 7, â€Å"E-Business and E-Commerce,† of Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting | | | | |and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | | |Read the Week Three Read Me First. | | | |Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. |Daily |4 | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). |Thursday | | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). |Saturday | | | |Post weekly personal summary (PS). |Monday | | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue working on new system proposal. | | | | | | | | |Finalize business requirements (BRD) for selected systems. |Monday |4 | | |(Sample BRD is posted to the Course Materials Forum). | | | | |Begin preparation of process flow charts and supporting descriptions. | | | | | | | | | |Begin preparation of Microsoft PowerPoint ® presentation. | | | | | | | | |Continue update of the draft Executive Summary. | | | |Individual |Write a 3-4 page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper describing the hardware and|Monday |10 | |Assignment |software used to support personal, workgroup, and enterprise computing within your current | | | |Hardware and Software |organization, an organization with which you are familiar, or one that you can interview to | | | |College Paper |gather the necessary information. | | | | | | | | |NOTE: college research papers require at least 2 references cited. | | | |Week Four: Information System Usage in Organizations | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify types of systems and databases used in organizations. | | | | |Explain how business requirements drive system use. | | |Readings |Read Ch. 9, â€Å"Operational Planning and Control Systems,† of Information Technology for | | | | |Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 10, â⠂¬Å"Enterprise Information Systems,† of Information Technology for Management: | | | | |Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 11, â€Å"Business Intelligence and Decision Support,† of Information Technology for | | | | |Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Technology Guide 3, â€Å"Emerging Types of Enterprise Computing,† of Introduction to | | | |Information Systems: Supporting and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | | |Read Technology Guide 4, â€Å"Intelligent Systems,† of Introduction to Information Systems: | | | | |Supporting and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | | |Read the Week Four Read Me First. | | | |Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. |Daily |4 | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). |Thursday | | | |Respond to weekly discussion questi on DQ (b). |Saturday | | | |Post weekly personal summary (PS). |Monday | | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on new system proposal. | | | | | | | | |Finalize process flow charts and supporting descriptions. |Monday |4 | | | | | | | |Identify and describe network security functions using a Network Security Doc. (NSD), needed |Monday | | | |by Riordan Manufacturing systems.Include the purpose of these security functions in your | | | | |paper. | | | | | | | | | |Continue preparation of Microsoft PowerPoint ® presentation. | | | |Individual |Write a 3-4 page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper analyzing the use of |Monday |10 | |Assignment |databases in your organization.Address the following in your paper: | | | |Database Analysis College | | | | |Paper |Include what database applications are used: Microsoft ® Access ®, DB2 ®, Oracle ®, and other | | | | |applications. | | | | |Conclude by proposing improvements. For large organizations, restrict the s cope of the paper | | | | |to the department you work in. Substitution: a previous employer or report on databases used | | | | |in the business world with examples. Include reference page. | | | | |NOTE: college research papers require at least 2 references cited. | | | Week Five: Networking, Telecommunications, and the Internet | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify factors affecting system acquisition. | | | | |Explain how current IT systems are managed. | | | | |Explain the role of strategic planning in IT. | | | | |Identify security factors for conducting business using networks. | | |Readings |Read Ch. 12, â€Å"IT Strategic Planning,† of Information Technology for Management: Improving | | | | |Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 13, â€Å"Business Process Management and Systems Development,† of Information Technology| | | | |for Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. | | | | | | | | |Read Technology Guide 4, â€Å"Basics of Telecommunications and Networks,† of Introduction to | | | | |Information Systems: Supporting and Transforming Business. | | | | | | | | | |Read Ch. 4, â€Å"Networks and Collaboration as Business Solutions,† of Information Technology for| | | | |Management: Improving Performance in the Digital Economy. | | | | | | | | |Read the Week Five Read Me First. | | | | |Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. |Daily |4 | |Individual |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). |Thursday | | | |Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). |Saturday | | | |Post weekly personal summary (PS). Monday | | |Learning Team |Submit the 7 to 10-page paper explaining the project proposal. |Monday |10 | |System Proposal Paper and | | | | |Presentation |Submit the 10 to 13-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation. |Monday |10 | |Contribution to |Actively assist Team to prepare Project Paper & PowerPoint. |Daily |10 | |Learning Team |Download the Peer Evaluation Form from the Course Materials Forum (use only this form).Each | | | | |student must fill out and post only the form minus the instruction page to their Individual |Monday | | | |Forum. | | | |Individual |Write a 2- to 3-page (700 words minimum total) memorandum that |Monday |8 | |Assignment |analyzes two Websites that sell books. Create a simple Microsoft Word Table to list at least| | | |Website Book Seller |10 books that are found on each site. List the Author, Title, Price found on Website-1, and | | | |Memorandum with Table embedded|on Website-2. Describe what conclusions can be made about the pricing.Also, describe the | | | | |quality of the user interface on each Website and make a recommendation. The Memo can be | | | |(word count does not include |addressed to any group you select. The table should be embedded within the paper not just | | | |table) |at tached to it. A reference page is required at the end of the memo. | | | | |NOTE: college memorandums require at least 2 references cited. | | | Discussion Questions Week #1 DQ (a) What is a specific role an information system can play in an organization? What are three components of this system?How do they work in the enterprise? DQ (b) How can an IT system initially help a company advance, but later become a requirement for that business to stay competitive? Week #2 DQ (a) How is information used in the modern enterprise? How does this use affect IT systems? DQ(b) Why it is important to protect the information organizations use today? What are the basic elements in systems that help with this task? Week#3 DQ (a) How are mobile devices, mobile computing, and social media changing how IT systems are used? What can organizations do to maximize value and minimize risk when users use these devices? DQ (b) Why is new technology often disruptive for existing IT systems?What things can be done to prepare these systems for future technology ahead of time? Week #4 DQ (a) Describe three types of systems used in organizations. Note the factors that normally lead to adopting the system and requirements that will likely push its future growth of each type. DQ (b) Discuss an IT system that has transformed the way organizations in at least one field carry out work. Note what requirements drove the system to be developed and what requirements are likely to drive it to change in the future. Week #5 DQ (a) Discuss two major issues involved with acquiring systems and two major issues commonly faced when maintaining them. Address how each can be minimized or overcome.DQ (b) Describe the effect of an organization’s strategic planning on the IT systems it uses. Address how strategic planning simplifies and complicates IT system development and use. Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries . Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Global warming in relation Winston Churchill’s quote on painting Essay

Global warming in relation Winston Churchill’s quote on painting Introduction            In day-to-day life, challenges are common undertaking. However, some challenges are difficult to handle and it might be impossible to get a solution although their experience is worth in life. Increasing temperatures is one of the major challenges affecting the world. This was evident during vacation from the experience of high temperatures that resulted to uncomfortable spending. It was thought that the temperatures would decrease with time but as the fall approached the higher, they became. According to Friedman, (8) the world is becoming hotter because of global warming gases that are on increase. Both developed countries have tried to address the issue of global warming. Winston Churchill quote on painting is analogous to the ever-increasing temperatures and other effects such as hurricanes, drought, strong winds, floods in the world that are caused by high levels of global warming gases the world increasing commitment to address the issue despite no promising result that the problem will end. Although the world has made significant progress in addressing the issues of global warming through environmental movement and policies to reduce emission of greenhouse gases by developed countries, there seem to be no permanent solution to the problem especially with changing world economy to industrialization.            With the introduction of industrialization in the world, the world economy started changing from agricultural-dependent to manufacturing. The manufacturing economy was marked by use of machines that used fuel such as steam, oil, coal, and electricity. As a result, there was high emission of green house gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that led to global warming, which is the key cause of the rising temperatures in the world and other effects such as drought, floods, strong wings, hurricanes (27). The temperatures have increased over the years and especially in the 21st century. The increasing temperatures have led to the world becoming hot, which was one of the worst experiences in summer. One would think that the following day the temperatures would be falling but unfortunate the hotter it become. The world commitment to address global warming is heightening despite the unpromising solution to the problem.            The world has formed environmental movements to address the alarming effects of global warming. These movements include the Kyoto protocol, United Nations environmental committee, and other environmental organizations. They have discussed measures and developed strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases in developed countries in order to counter the effects of global warming. Countries under the Kyoto protocol agreed to reduce the greenhouse gases by 5% by year 2020. In addition, there was notable decrease of green house gases during the implementation of Kyoto protocol. Consequently, developing countries joined hands for the fight against global warming. The formation of these movements and agreement for member states to implement the policies was seen as progress toward the reduction of green house gases and significant decrease in global temperatures.            The Kyoto protocol and the climate change program led by United Nations framework convention have achieved most of their global warming goals by reducing the emissions of green house gases in countries like United States, Denmark and others. Consequently, more countries have continued to join Kyoto protocol and other environmental organizations to fight global warming. In addition, carbon free goods have been introduced in various markets in Europe and other continents to ensure that less greenhouse gases are emitted in the atmosphere. Other countries like United States have introduced electric vehicles that do not emit greenhouse gases. These initiatives coupled to many others have led to reduction of global warming gases in the atmosphere thus giving hope for the combating global warming.            Despite the promising agreements and states’ willingness to implement the policies, the world is still recording high levels of green house gases in the atmosphere. There has been high emission of the gases in developed countries and other countries that are joining the industrialised world. As a result, global warming effects have been on the rise and major catastrophic events have been on the rise. For example, hurricanes, flooding, drought has been on increase compared to decades ago. According to Friedman (148) hurricanes and droughts have been unusual recently due to increasing temperature that have been caused by people. Another challenge to the notable progress in addressing the global warming is the withdrawal of countries from the environmental movements. For example, New Zealand government made a decision not to renew its membership for Kyoto protocol come year 2015. The move will deny it from accessing carbon free market, which might trigger the r ise of the green house gases in the country and consequence increase of global warming in the world.            The initiative by the world to address the global warming challenge through environmental organizations such as United Nations and Kyoto protocol is a progress toward reduction of green house gases as depicted in Churchill’s quote on painting. Consequently, the commitment of the countries to reduce the emission of the green house gasses by 5% by year 2020 is a fruitful step of the initial progress. Moreover, the achievement of the world to avoid more than 1.5 billion tonnes of green house gases (CO2) is a fruitful step and ever improving global warming fight (410). The ever-increasing support of reducing greenhouse gases by different countries and continents is another move that indicating fruitful step. In The introduction of electric motor vehicles and carbon, free market in most of the countries is an ever-lengthening step. In addition, the global reduction of greenhouse gases level is another ever-improving step and ever-ascending order. However, the wit hdrawal of countries like New Zealand is a drawback to the problem coupled to few countries that have relaxed restrictions on carbon emission. Moreover, the increasing numbers and strength of hurricanes, strong winds and floods in America and Europe is an indication that the problem of global warming may never end (80). However, the increasing research and introduction of carbon free markets and achievement of reduced greenhouse gases levels in the world give the joy of every trying to address the global warming issue. Conclusion            The global warming issues in the world that s been experienced through increased temperatures, increased number of hurricanes, strong winds, and floods and the world’s effort to combat it through various measures is analogous to Churchill’s quote on painting. Although there have been progress day by day, the problem seem like it will never have an end. However, the increased research and approaches being used to address the problems gives joy of some achievements. Consequently, the experience of increased temperatures during summer vacation reflects the effects of global warming and that despite the world commitment the temperature seems to be ever increasing. References Friedman, Thomas L.  Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution-and How It Can Renew America. New York: Picador, 2009. Print. Winston Churchill (nd). â€Å"Painting as a Pastime,† Thoughts and Adventures. Print. Source document

Trinity Community Hospital

Trinity Community Hospital Introduction In the past, Trinity Community Hospital has conducted community health needs assessment to establish health related needs of the community. The process entails continuous improvement of the plan depending on the dynamic nature of health needs in the community (Nardi Petr, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Trinity Community Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After sometime therefore, there has emerged the need for appraising the initial assessment in order to improve the overall plan in line with the current needs of the patients within the community. This is a community health needs assessment that seeks to point out and discuss some of the major health risk factors of the community. Besides, the paper will elucidate on ways that Trinity Community Hospital is addressing the needs discussed. Finally, the establishment of the existing health gaps will provide an important background upon which health planners in the hospital will draw recommendations. Discussion: Major Health and Risk Factors Oncology Services It is apparent in the case study that there are major risk factors that impede Trinity Hospital’s ability to address the community health needs. First, there is an increased demand for oncology services across the entire community. Coupled with the fact that the seniors will constitute 15% of the entire community’s population, the demand is poised to rise dramatically. Besides, health experts estimate that cancer will develop amongst 50% of the male population throughout their lifetimes. For women, they have a slightly lower chance of developing cancer that stands at around 33%. Subsequently, there is an increased risk of more cancer patients in the immediate future leading to heightened demand for oncology services across the entire area. While the above figures reveal the increasing demand for the services, the existing facilities remain hugely unable to address the growing demand. The rationale is that different facilities that provide the services are unable to match the need for the services. The patients are increasing exponentially with a level that can rarely be addressed by the current capacity of health providers. This implies that in future, the community faces a huge risk where the number of patients will be so large that the facilities will be overwhelmed. In particular, the facilities to diagnose and treat cancer at an early stage have been unable to meet this demand.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sensitization and information dissemination has been ineffective with only few programs initiated to fulfill these goals. As such, lack of appropriate information regarding ways in which an individual can get early diagnoses creates a gap that further complicates the treatment procedure since the diagnosis is usually delayed. Besides, late cancer diagnosis stresses the capacity of the hospital’s facilities despite reduced probability for recovery and successful treatment. Orthopedic Services There is an increasing need for orthopedic services within the community. Orthopedic services include services that aim at treating the physical injuries such as spine and joints dislocations. At the outset, the community faces a surge in the numbers of people seeking both inpatients and outpatient orthopedic services. They include joint and spine procedures that estimates indicate that there will be a rise of 30% in the coming half a decade. Despite these numbers, the current facilities will not be able to meet the health needs of the community members seeking orthopedic services. This is in consideration of the fact that the financial resources at the disposal of hospitals are meager. Coupled with the inability of the hospital facilities to offer orthopedic services, the nu mber of physicians across the entire country can barely match that of patients. Such facilities as imaging equipment, surgical suites, physical therapy, and rehab facilities are apparently inadequate to cater for patients needs. This is not only in the community but also across the whole country. Besides, the existing services have deficiencies and are not effective, as the community would wish to see. Such professionals as patient care coordinators are lacking in many facilities leading to delays in scheduling of service provision. Finally, the community lacks information on the important aspects of orthopedic services. Ideally, there are limited numbers of educational programs that aim at enhancing knowledge on accident prevention, healthy lifestyles, service providers and the orthopedic procedures. Besides, the few available programs should target the elderly and majority of the people within the community that participates in the fitness activities and athletics. Cardiovascular services The rising demand for both orthopedic and oncology services imply that there is an expected increase in the demand for cardiovascular services within the community. An estimated rise of 21% in the rates of coronary artery diseases is apparent. Besides, the number of people seeking diagnostic cardiovascular services within the community is expected to increase by around 22% while angioplasties will increase by 25% within the same period.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Trinity Community Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like in other primary services areas, there is the need for additional facilities and health care providers to deliver high quality services to the patients. The rationale is that the current resources and equipments are way below the demand for similar services. It would imply therefore that the community suffers inadequacies for cath labs’ services, surgical suites as we ll as the cardiac rehab capacity. The gap that health care providers should seek to bridge entails the provision of information on cardiac risk factors and information regarding healthy living and lifestyle. There is a noticeable lack of information in the community, which may predispose the people to cardiovascular diseases. This inturn may lead to an increased demand for the services more than before. Trinity Community Hospital and community Health Needs It is imperative to notice that the hospital has gone outside its way to address some of the needs of the community. Particularly, Trinity Community Hospital has increased its collaboration with oncologists that have received certification from the board. Although it lacks a formal oncology department, the hospital has attempted to address these needs by liaising with the physicians to treat and diagnose cancer. Nonetheless, the numbers of physicians that are available to meet all the demands of the patients are very few. In fact, a few cancer specialists have continued to maintain privileges in the hospital. Considering that the demand for health services continue to rise, there is the need for the hospital to increase its capacity to deal with the imminent increase in the number of patients seeking oncology services. Further, the hospital rarely meets the needs of the community members seeking orthopedic services. Like oncology services, there is no a formal department within the hospital that address the needs of the community. However, the hospital’s competitors who are located near the hospital’s orthopedic groups address the needs of the community. This makes it impossible for the hospital to have fulltime orthopedic specialists whose surgeries are occasional. It is therefore critical for the hospital to increase its activities especially those that relate to orthopedic operations within the area. Moreover, the hospital has not been proactive in making cardiology services available to the community. The hospital lacks any formal program that deals with cardiovascular diseases. It hugely depends on the consultancy services offered by four cardiologists who have limited roles. Their current roles include consulting for physicians in the aim of addressing the needs of the patients that are already admitted in the hospital.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apparently, the hospital lacks elaborate facilities and equipments that would provide cardiology services to the community. Trinity hospital has no a diagnostic â€Å"cath† and as such, it embarks on ordering noninvasive studies. They include echocardiograms, â€Å"holter† monitoring and stress tests. The community therefore fails to see the hospital as effective in addressing their needs that relate to cardiology services. The hospital has the ability of offering basic support services to the community. First, the hospital has over 20 operating rooms that include an Emergency Room (ER) services. Additionally, the physical and radiology services are readily available within the facility. For patients requiring orthopedic, oncology or cardiology services, the hospital is well equipped to offer support services although there remains a gap in the number of physicians and complex curative services. The major risk that faces the community involves the inability of the memb ers to access information that relates to many medical conditions. There is an information gap in the society. People lack the information that relates to diagnoses and treatment of cancer, injuries and cardiovascular diseases. The hospital still lacks an elaborate sensitization and information dissemination strategy through which members of the community can access most basic information mainly for preventive care. The hospital is yet to embark on a preventive care services that amplify the importance of early diagnoses of cancer, healthy living and services location. According to health care experts, an early diagnosis boosts the chances of the patient to access early treatment, which can be highly effective (Nardi Petr, 2003). In fact, it is dependent on the amount of information that community accesses. Similarly, preventive care would hugely focus on the health lifestyles and ways that people can minimize their risk factors. Finally, Trinity Community hospital also suffers imm ensely from diminished financial resources. To accomplish all its goals of providing health care services to the community, huge amount of finances is required. The financial constraints have resulted from high levels of competition from other hospitals within the community that are able to provide health care services comfortably as opposed to Trinity Community Hospital. Needs assessment plan and recommendations To address the needs of the communities effectively, it is important for Trinity Community Hospital to embark on a strategy that depicts both short term and long-term goals. First, there is the apparent need to include oncology services as short-term objectives. The number of people seeking such services has soared and the demand for such services is expected to rise exponentially in the period of five years. Hence, the group that is composed of both medical and radiation oncologists should be the key to developing an elaborate cancer program within the facility. This impli es that the hospital will be able to offer oncology services in the coming days without having to delay, as there are oncologists who have already expressed interest of affiliation. On the other hand, long-term efforts of establishing a cancer program ought to incorporate hospital’s oncologists and effective equipment that will go a long way in facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Second, orthopedic services are rarely offered in the hospital. The rationale has been that the hospital’s orthopedic groups are located within the same area as the competitors. To avert the risk of high competition, the hospital ought to establish these orthopedic branches across the community. This will reduce the risk of centralization of orthopedic services in one and the only branch. By decentralizing the services, the community will appreciate the hospital’s desire to address their needs since the branches will devolve the services (Bosworth, 1999). As a long-term measure of addressing community orthopedic services needs, the hospital ought to establish a program that will deal with all orthopedic issues within the community. It is apparent that the hospital lacks such a department. Third, the hospital needs to introduce a cardiology program, which is evidently lacking. Despite the hospital’s ability to have four cardiologists, their current roles are ineffective. As aforementioned, the cardiologists only consult on behalf of the inpatients only. As such, the hospital needs start a program that has well qualified cardiologists and increase their equipment to include diagnostic â€Å"cath† among many others. Besides, the hospital should be willing to ensure that it is able to conduct noninvasive studies instead of ordering services from other service providers. This will dispel the perception that the hospital is unable to provide high quality services in comparison with its competitors. Finally, all these programs should be focu sing on preventive care. As noted, there is an apparent information gap within the community. All the departments should engage in a rigorous activity of ensuring that information that relates to oncology, cardiology and orthopedic is disseminated to the community. Besides, there is the need for the community to embrace healthy living as the most important way through which their needs will be addressed. All these efforts will see the hospital increase its revenue base that has largely been constrained. As Bosworth (1999) elucidates, the hospital should be wary that the efforts require immense resources and the goals may not be realized in the immediate future. As such, there should be both short term and long-term goals in the strategy that will see the establishment of at least three programs. Summary Conclusively, Trinity Community Hospital is located in a society that has many health needs. Community health needs assessment elucidate the community has four major needs that the h ospital has failed to address. First, the society lacks access to oncology services that includes cancer diagnoses and treatment. Second, orthopedic services are offered in only one branch that fails to meet the needs of the community due to competition. Third, cardiology services remain elusive for the community. Despite the apparent lack for these services, demand for these services have increased exponentially and continue to increase. As a strategy, the hospital ought to establish departments that deal with these services. This will not only help in addressing the community needs but will play a big role in enhancing information dissemination in the society about preventive care. References Bosworth, W. (1999). Community Health Needs Assessment: The Health Care Profession’s Guide to Evaluating the Needs in Your Defined Market. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nardi, D. Petr, J. (2003). Community health and Wellness assessment: a step-by-step Guide. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage L earning.

Corruption in the Nigerian Economy

Corruption in the Nigerian Economy Free Online Research Papers ASTRACT The paper has critically examined the harshness of corruption on the Nigerian economy and the support of civil servants in reduces its incidence. The ‘monster’ is the cause for the nation’s economy development impediment. Related literature of renowned scholars, white paper of the Dangin Commission (2000) of Plateau State and personal opinions of civil servants were major sources of data used for this paper. Again, we employed a survey instrument-questionnaire for collecting primary data and percentages were used for testing our hypothesis. According to our investigations, corruption in civil service is caused by Staff negligence and/or negligence of management and the more culpable persons are experienced public servants on level 10 and above, also political appointees. The best strategy of curbing corruption in Nigeria, as opined by respondents and supported by our hypothesis, is those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption must live above board and avoid creating bad precedent. Again, the Auditor-General and his/her subordinates should engage in a regular periodic inspection. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY With the current global recession, the economies of most developing countries have been thrown into very serious problems. Stocks in the capital market in Nigeria, America and United Kingdom among others are experiencing the bearish market situations. Besides, Nigeria has other factors that have battered our economy seriously: these are no other things than the monster-corruption and the persistent political crisis. Measures such as the War Against Indiscipline (WAI), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) and Economic Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) have been employed and adopted by past regimes and administrations to curb the underhand practices but all proved abortive, while the economy recession is on the increase: how long should this continue. According to a statement in one of the Daily Times of 1999, it says, â€Å"Decade after decade, children are born to see and learn of this enemy of development. Why should we allow this to continue, we need to joint hands on this criminal behaviour in other to protect present and future generations of our great country†. Corruption has really been the bane of this country; all hands must be on deck. Nigeria was grouped as the 2nd position and the 6th position of the world most corrupt countries. The sequence of the positions above shows little improvement which is not significant for stopping the worry of patriotic Nigerians on the matter. The instinct for corruption normally begins with ungratefulness and greediness. As stated by Malick, 1994:68; â€Å"The origin of corruption is that it is influenced by the quest for more material wealth†. According to Bureau for Public Procurement (BPP: 2008), Nigeria losses 60 kobo to underhand practices out of every N1 (100 kobo) spent by government. The wealth of this nation is being looted by the few privileged individuals known as civil servants and politicians who are busy acquiring their ill-gotten wealth by inflating contract, diverting public assets into personal property and etcetera. Corruption has really ruined our economy in different ways. According to Akara (1994:12), Corruption, in all its ramifications in any society is the symptom of the moral indiscipline and moral decadent that can only be arrested and the society regenerated, if and only if that society itself becomes aware and conscious of its dangerous descent into the abyss of self-extinction. Corruption has really affected the public sector and has spilled to other sectors of the economy such as private sector businesses and households. In view of the yearly reports of the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) and the various white papers issued in Plateau State-Nigeria, year-in-year-out, many people are initiated into the different forms of these sharp practices. A recent revelation made by the Plateau State Commission of Enquiry into Financial Activities of government for 1999 – 2007, the State Board of Internal Revenue generated about N24 billion (approximately $210 million) but less than 25% of the revenue was account for, more than 75% of the revenue is allegedly embezzled. The issue of corruption in the public sector is perpetrated in a syndicate where both civil servants and political appointees are involved. A study on why corruption flourishes in the public sector might be expected to provide a useful insight into the strategies to be adopted to minimize this evil. It is also expected that the existing government will learn from the experiences of past leaders, who have failed in their efforts to curb the menace of this underhand practices by given leap service for implementation of measures the country has put in place to help in reducing the cases and magnitude of corruption in the public sector and indeed the country as a whole. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Though, the public sector is the machinery of government in achieving meaningful development in the area of infrastructures, education, health and etcetera, the failure to achieve any of these developmental goals is due to an array of problems. Of these problems, the issue of corruption is one that has eating into the fabrics of our economy and the need to manage its scourge is imperative. The efforts of the Independent Corruption Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Economic Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) have done little in curbing this monster as cases and magnitudes of corruption is still significant compared to the poverty level in this country. According to 2006 NDIC annual report (2008), billions of Naira are lost to fraudsters and other dubious people annually. In the survey conducted between 1999/2000 by CPAR, an average of $10 billion is lost to corruption (BPP: 2008). This cannot be allowed to continue, never! The magnitude of this problem and its implications for the Nigeria economy have inspired the writing of this paper with a view to having all hands on deck in fighting this evil in Nigeria. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ARTICLE The aim of this paper is to assess the views of civil servants about the effort of government against corruption in the Public Sector in Nigeria and to proffer suggested approaches on how to minimise it. To achieve this singular objective, the following secondary objectives have been specified: i) To review existing literatures on the subject matter; ii) To identify the causes of corruption perpetrated in the Public Sector; iii) To determine the negative effect of corruption in the Public Sector; iv) To ascertain the major perpetrators of corruption in the public sector. v) To recommend strategies for curbing and reducing the incidence of corruption in the economic system of Nigeria. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In the light of the foregoing, the following questions may be asked: i) What are the ways of defrauding the public sector? ii) What are the major causes of corruption in the public sector? iii) What are the effects of corruption in the public sector? iv) How can the problems of corruption be managed in our public offices? v) What are the best ways of mitigating the effects of corruption in Nigeria? vi) Who are the major contributors to corruption in Nigeria? vii) Who are the most culpable people involved in corruption. These questions form the problem that prompted the writing of this paper and the need to provide workable answers to them constitutes its justification. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS To achieve some of the objectives of this paper, the following hypothesis is formulated: Ho: That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†; HI: That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†. This hypothesis will be tested with percentages of collective opinions of civil servants as obtained from the field. 1.5 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper is relevant to what the Obasanjo’s government started which the Yar’adua’s administration is trying to sustain, specifically on their efforts to wipe out all forms of corruption in Nigeria. The settings up of the Anti-Corruption Act’2000, Anti-Money Laundry Act’2004 and the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) in 2004 are all proofs that the Nigerian government is really fighting corruption, and requires support from all patriotic Nigerians to join hands against this evil that is pervading the society. 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Definitions of Corruption: Anti-Corruption Law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2000 defined ‘Corruption’ â€Å"to include all forms of bribery, fraud and other related offences†. A corrupt practice takes place when one in a fiduciary position acts in a manner prejudicial to the cause of his employer because of the receipt of a benefit or consideration from a third party who is ultimately the beneficiary of the action taken, (Ijewere, 1999). According to Osisioma (1999), corrupt practices tend to produce an illegal transfer of resources, and in the transfer exercise, the actors engage in an unproductive use of their labour and resources. Obasanjo (1994) defines corruption as the misuse of public power for private and personal benefit which is distinguishable from other crimes by the fact that it is usually carried out in utmost secrecy and the act itself may not be immediately perceptible. In its tactical meaning, corruption is an act or course of deception deliberately practiced to gain unlawful or unfair advantage; deception directed to the detriment of the public. 2.2 FORMS OF CORRUPTION AND WAYS OF DEFRAUDING GOVERNMENT. Corruption is perpetrated in the civil service in various forms. The two major forms are petty corruption and grand corruption. The common ones have been identified and classified as follows: a) Inflating of contract prices; b) Diversion of government property to personal property; c) Collection of bribes or gratification; d) Teaming and Lading; e) Irregularities; Many measures have been introduced, especially at the individual Ministry, Boards and Parastatals to minimize this menacing problem without much success, (Danging Commission,2000). 2.3 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR. The common causes of corruption as identified by different Authors and Newspapers are summarized below: i) Poor Administration – This is in terms of inadequate supervision, and inadequate control is the most significant causes of corruption. For instance, when a junior staff is inadequately supervised, those with fraudulent tendencies may get the wrong impression that there working environment and/or circumstances is safe for the perpetration of corruption, (Ishola, 1997:25). ii) Negligence – Staff negligence and/or negligence of management is the commonest and most susceptible factor which corrupters look forward to in government establishments and they usually capitalize on it. For instance, lack of regular bank reconciliation, stocktaking, verification of prices in the market and issuing of cheques without proper blocking of the unused space could be manipulated by the perpetrators, (Babatunde, 1987:16). iii) Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service – When civil servants are unable to meet their personal, psychological and social needs because of poor salaries and conditions of service, they may be tempted to collect bribe, inflate contract price, inflate prices of goods/items purchased directly, embezzle money or fraudulently convert some of the government assets into their own use. This temptation becomes harder to resist particularly for civil servants who work with cash or in other sensitive areas, (Dandago, 1997:16). iv) Opportunity and Low Chance of Detection – A poor or inadequate internal control or inefficiency of existing control could induce corruption. A poor or inefficient control system could also be a tempting source to a rather previously honest staff, (Williams, 2000:24). 2.4 THEORIES OF CORRUPTION Attempts have been made to weave the aforementioned factors into comprehensive theories of corruption and criminal behaviour. Theories of corruption are terse and controversial, Babatunde (1987) has propounded that the motivation to fraudulent behavior derives from the number of causes. These could be pathological, greed, the desire to be with the Jones; extreme; want often characterized as dire need; cultural demands or the cultivation of tastes too expensive for the legitimate income of the individual. Criminal motivation, with particular reference to corruption is said to be pathological when the state of mind of the criminal disposes and impels him to engage in corrupt practices, even though he is not in dire need of the resources. A case in point is a kleptomaniac who has a pathological desire to steal for the sake of stealing. Osisioma (1999) opined that the main cause of corruption in the public sector is traceable to the general dishonesty in the society. Since there is corruption in all facets of the Nigerian life, management of finances should pay attention to some of the factors that causes corruption in the public sector. 2.5 THE EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC SECTOR The perceived effects on the government, and the desire to find the means of curbing such adverse effects normally prompts studies on corruption in the Public Sector. Attempts have therefore been made by many writers to identify the effects of corruption in the Public Sector and the economy in general. All authors/writers agreed that corruption leads to huge loss of resources, which belong to the government, and members of the general public. This loss results in reduced levels of resources available, which could hamper the development of the economy and could force enterprises to liquidation if the frequency and scale of corruption are high. Other effects of corruption in the public sector, which will consequently affect the society, include the loss of confidence in Nigeria by international investors and therefore a setback for the effort aimed by the Obasanjo’s administration to create enabling environment for international investors to invest. In addition, the distraction of government’s attention, increase in operating costs, and the wastage of time and resources on minimizing corruption are other effects of corruption, (BUGAIN; 1994:91). 2.6 THE MEASURES FOR CONTROLLING CORRUPTION: In view of the gravity of the effects of corruption on public sector, government has employed many measures aimed at controlling corruption. However, corruption has continued on an upward trend despite these measures and this has called their effectiveness into question. According to Jat (1998:129), the most threatening aspect, however, is that the control of an identified specie of Fraud (corruption) seems to give birth to another that is invariably more sophisticated and complex indicating the negative use of human ingenuity and endowment. A number of authors: Obasanjo, Osisioma, and Malick among others, have identified some administrative control systems that can be devised by government to prevent corruption. Administrative control system has been defined as â€Å"the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the government in other to carry on the business of government in an orderly manner, safe-guard its assets and secure as far as possible the accuracy and reliability of the records†. (Millichamp, 1990:79) Internal administrative control system was classified into two major groups: internal checks and internal audit. Internal checks are the operational controls which are built into the public sector system to simplify the processing of policies in order to secure prompt services to the populace, to help in minimizing clerical errors and to act as insurance against collusion. Internal audit or inspection involves the review of administrative activities and records undertaken within the civil service by specifically assigned staffs. The roles of the inspectorate division and the state Audit department are to serve as watch-dogs on public funds, to ensure that there is no improper application of these funds, to ensure that expenditure and revenue are duly authorized and accounted for, to periodically inspect account books in order to ensure that transactions are properly recorded and books are regularly balance, to investigate mal-practices like frauds, inflated contracts, forgeries, embezzlement and theft of government money or properties. However, existing systems of control can be classified into two: Prevention and Detection. Those aimed at prevention and those aimed at detection. Measure aimed at preventing corruption include; dual control, operational manual, graduated limits of authority, reporting system, establishment of inspectorate units, general personnel policies, referencing on presentation of documents of value, segregation of duties, verification of all approval for payment and purchases and close watch on the life-style of staff. Others are prompt treatment of files and the movement of files by messengers. Measures aimed at detecting corrupt practices include: contract verification, market survey, checking of cashiers, bank reconciliation, periodical submission of statement of accounts, periodic stock-taking of all items in the store. In addition to management and internal control measures, the authors suggested means of controlling corruption in the public sector, which are the statutory requirements of an external auditor and the examination of government books of accounts by the state audit department as an inspectors’ authority. Sanusi attributed the ineffectiveness of these to weakness in staff policy and control, operational procedures, and the attitude of government. In contrast, some other writers such as Obasanjo, Malick, Osisioma (2000) have argued that the causes of corruption in the public sector is not that of lack of administrative control systems but that of moral weakness of man’s mind owing to his acquisitive instincts. 3.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS To substantiate our research questions earlier mentioned, data collected from Plateau State civil service, the Dangin Commission Report (2000) and responses from our field survey is hereby presented in tabular form with proper analysis below. This will be presented using percentages as a parameter. 3.1 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PRIMARY DATA Table 1 shows the Responses of respondents from the Field Survey QUESTIONS No. 0F RESPONSE % 1. Which of the following ways do you thing civil servants are using mostly to defraud the government? Tick one, please: i. Contract price and purchase price inflation†¦. ii. Collection of bribes or gratification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii. Diversion of government property to personal property†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv. Teaming and Lading†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v. Robbery and Burglary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TOTAL 13 16 6 3 2 40 32.5 40 15 7.5 5 100 1. Which of these are the major causes of corruption in the public sector? Tick one, please: i. Poor Administration ii. Staff negligence and/or negligence of management iii. Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service iv. Opportunity and Low Chance of Detection i. TOTAL 11 12 7 8 40 27.5 30 17.5 20 100 2. Which of the following form of corruptions do you thing has the more negative effect on the Nigerian economy? ii. Grand corruption: that is, corruption involving N100,000 and above iii. Petty corruption: that is, corruption involving less N100,000 i. TOTAL 22 18 40 55 45 100 3. Suggest ways in which problems of corruption can best be managed in our public offices by ticking one of the following? ii. Sound internal control system iii. Internal check and internal audit iv. Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General v. Instituting an EFCC outlet in every government ministry vi. Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials TOTAL 6 8 12 5 9 40 15 20 30 12.5 22.5 100 4. Who amongst these are the most culpable people involved in corruption? i. Level 01- 06 employees ii. Level 07 – 12 officers iii. Level 13 – 16 officers iv. Level 17 and all political appointees TOTAL 5 10 12 13 40 12.5 25 30 32.5 100 From the above analyses, 40% of the respondents opined that the most common ways that civil servants used for defrauding the government is through bribery and gratification. For the causes of corruption in Nigeria, 30% of the respondents indicated that staff negligence and/or negligence of management is the major cause. However, most civil servants have opined that grand corruption has more negative effects that petty corruption. This finding is 55% against 45%. Again, 30% and 22.5% of the respondents have indicated that the best ways to manage corruption are Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General and Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials, respectively. Lastly, the survey has revealed that the most culpable persons are civil servants on level 17 and all political appointees, followed by civil servants on level 13 – 16. Table 2 is a Likert Questions Table containing a list of suggested strategies for curbing corruption in which 150 respondents (Civil Servants) indicated their agreement or otherwise and to what extent. Note. Questions 1–5 were answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree). Question 0 1 2 3 4 1. Employer should verify the integrity of new employees from their referees 32 34 8 46 30 2. Any identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law 55 39 13 23 20 3. The fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools 41 48 9 20 32 4. Those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption should try and live above board and avoid creating bad precedents 72 56 2 8 12 5. All civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty 52 50 16 22 10 From table 2, 48% of the respondents strongly agreed that those saddled with the responsibility of fighting corruption should try and live above board and avoid creating precedence. This is followed with the opinions of 37% of the respondents who strongly agreed that any identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law while 35% also agreed on strong terms that all civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty. However, 32% of the respondents merely agreed that the fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools while majority disagree that employer of labour (government) should verify the integrity of new employees from their referees as a strategy for curbing corruption. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS The responses from the field survey in table 2 above are used to test the hypothesis that says â€Å"That civil servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the monster† Question 0 1 Total (02) 2 3 4 Total Grand (34) Total 1 32 34 66 8 46 30 76 142 2 55 39 94 13 23 20 43 137 3 41 48 89 9 20 32 52 141 4 72 56 128 2 8 12 20 148 5 52 50 102 16 22 10 32 134 479 223 702 To accept the null hypothesis, the percentage of disagreed responses must be greater than 50% otherwise reject it and accept the alternative hypothesis. Percentage of agreed responses = 479 x 100 = 68% 702 1 Percentage of disagreed responses = 223 x 100 = 32% 702 1 Hence, we reject Ho that says, â€Å"Civil Servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are not in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster† and accept HI that says, â€Å"Civil Servants being the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against the â€Å"Monster†. 4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the study, the paper can be summarized with the findings that factors such as: Contract price and purchase price inflation, Collection of bribes or gratification and diversion of government property to personal property are most common ways in which civil servants used in defrauding the government. For causes of corruption in Nigeria, Staff negligence and/or negligence of management, Poor Administration, and Poor Salaries and Conditions of Service got the highest votes in that order. It has been opined that the best ways for managing corruption in our various public offices include Periodic inspections by the Auditor-General, Instant dismissal of dubious and suspected corrupt officials will serve as deterrence against future occurrence in addition to internal check and internal audit. All civil servants are culpable to corruption but the most of them all are directors and political appointees. In conclusion, corruption is a menace that is found in all the fabrics of the Nigerian society and the Auditor – General and all his employees should do their work honestly and diligently too now corruption is spreading like wild fire in Nigeria inspite of government stringent policies that have been instituted. In conclusion, since civil servants who are even the most culpable persons in corruption in Nigeria are in support of the fight against it, government should not relent in its fight against corruption as there seems to be light at the end of the tunnel. Hence, this paper recommends the following measures for minimizing corruption in Nigeria: i. Accounting officers/Chief Executive Officers should live above board and avoid creating precedence. ii. All identified fraudulent person should be instantly dismissed and made to face the full wrath of the law. iii. All civil servants and political appointees should declare their assets on assumption of duty. iv. The fight against corruption should commence right from homes and schools. REFERENCES Agbelusi T.O. (1991): Fraud in Banks, Financial Institute Training Center, Lagos. BPP (2008): â€Å"Public Procurement Act 2007 as it Affects Contractors and Consultants† by Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Abuja. Bugain J. (1994): â€Å"NGOs and Mobilisation Against Corruption†. A paper Presented at African Leadership Forum’s Seminar held in Benin Republic On the 19-21 September. Dandago K.I. (1997): â€Å"Fraud Detection Control at Local Government Level†, The National Accountant of July and August, 1997. Dangin V.K. Commission (2000): Government White Paper Report on the Variation of Major Contract in Plateau State. Ishola K.A. (1997): â€Å"Bank Frauds; Causes and Control†, the National Accountant July – August, 1997. Jat R. B. (1998): â€Å"An Analysis of Fraud Cases in Nigerian Banking Industry: A Guide to the Bank Auditor†. Study in Auditing. Malick T. (1994):â€Å"Corruption, Democracy Human Right in West Africa† Africa Leadership Forum Seminar, Rep. of Benin (19-21of Sept.) Millichamp A. H. (1990): Auditing, an Instructional Manual for Accounting Accounting Students. Guernsey Press Co. Ltd, Channel Islands. Obasanjo O. (1994): â€Å"Corruption, Democracy, and Human Rights in West Africa† (Journal of the African Leadership Forum): Printers Ltd. Lagos. Osisioma B.C. (1999): â€Å"Corruption and the Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria†. A Paper Presentation on the Occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria in September 8th. Osisioma B.C. (2000): â€Å"The Relevance of the Accountant in the Implementation of the Corrupt Practice Miscellaneous Offences Act† The Editor (1999): â€Å"Corruption- why it Flourishes† Midweek Magazine of 20th October. The Editor (1999): â€Å"How Corruption is Killing African Countries†. Daily Times of September, 7. The Ejewere Emmanuel (1999): â€Å"A Strategy for the war Against Corruption and Poverty†, Business Times of September, 6. Research Papers on Corruption in the Nigerian EconomyPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

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