People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

People Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay HIV/AIDS is one of the most challenges to human life and dignity. It affects all levels of the society and has a massive impact on global economic and social development, (Rowden, 2009). Studies have been conducted on its impact on human life and how it could be controlled. This review was conducted by visiting a number of websites of different publishers and organisations for published articles on HIV/AIDS and stigma. Literature covering a period of 8 years from 2002-2010 was extracted from Assia, PubMed, Sage, British Medical Journal, Cochrane and Absco-host. However due to the topic in question, literature from most recent articles would have been preferred. The term HIV/AIDS stigma was used to capture a wide range of articles covering all areas of the globe. Abstracts from twenty studies were reviewed for the study, objectives, methodology and key findings. Twelve studies covering different locations of the world were chosen. Relevant documents and reports from other organisation s such as UNAIDS, WHO and the World Bank were also reviewed. Both qualitative and quantitative data was used to present the information. Due to the challenges presented by HIV/AIDS to global public health, Baum. (2008:241) calls for collective participation of all sectors in the fight against this deadly disease. Baum emphasises on the collective participation between the lay people and the health structures as key to success. This is further supported by Farmer, (1999), who does not condone the dominance of the biomedical perspective in health and healing. He believes that lay people have a significant role in the process of health improvements and emphasises on the importance of listening to, and understanding the lay peoples experiences of ill-health and how it is affected by their daily lives. Goffman, (1963), and Parker and Aggleton, (2003),s theories of stigma help us to understand how stigma is constructed and its influence in peoples lives. They view stigma and discrimination as functional systems which maintain boundaries between those in power and those without. Through such power, social inequalities are developed leading to creation of social norms. These formulate stigma by governing interactions between people and reinforce power structures that serve to isolate those that are regarded as outsiders, ( ). Both theories have been widely used in HIV related stigma to highlight how the prejudice, negative attitudes, abuse and maltreatment directed towards people living with HIV/AIDS have hindered the progress of prevention and treatment. Findings from the studies highlight the significance of lay people for prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS to be effective. In Tanzania, the study unveiled some discriminatory and stigmatised practices such as gossiping about patients HIVs status, neglect, verbal abuse, testing and disclosing HIVs status without consent, (Tanzanias Stigma Indicators Field Test Group, 2005). Similarly in India, health workers were disclosing patients HIV status to their families without the patients consent, (Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2007). Harassment, avoiding and isolation of HIV-positive patients and testing without counselling are common features of stigmatisation in most studies. Findings showed that stigma and discrimination in health care settings contribute a great deal in keeping people away from accessing HIV/AIDS treatment and care, therefore compromising their health and wellbeing. Patients felt greatly affected by the health workers feeling uncomfortable with them and treat ing them in an inferior manner. Some health workers wore protective clothing even if there was no physical contact during interactions. This affected peoples willingness to access the services despite it being vital to their health. The fear of being identified as infected with HIV was one of the reasons why some people prolonged testing for HIV even though they had the symptoms and only accessed services when their illness was at an advanced stage, (Bond, Aggleton, 2002, Human Resources of Health, 2007, Kinsler et al, 2007, Varga, Sherman, Jones, 2006, Kalichman, Simbayi, 2003). In Zambia, HIV-positive health workers were hiding their HIV status from their colleagues in fear of being stigmatised, (Dieleman et al, 2007). Experienced and perceived stigma and discrimination revealed by the studies have severe influence on people living with HIV/AIDS access to health services. While most of the literature on HIV/AIDS and stigma and access to health services is negative, research also highlights increasing evidence of the value of supportive and de-stigmatising HIV services in some parts of the globe. Brazil has been viewed favourably by people living with HIV/AIDS. The lay people reported supportive inclusive structural systems that create healthy environments for all. The success story of Brazils effective HIV/AIDS and stigma prevention and control is attributed to active participation of different groups in the society and the Brazilian government, (Caltado, 2008). Another success of collective efforts of the lay people and the health structures has been noted in South Africa where most people believe in traditional healing. Aids Activism in South has made a positive significance in HIV/AIDS preventing and treatment by translating and mediating the biomedical approach within local ideological frameworks which are easily understood and acted on by the loc als, (Colvin, Robins, 2010). From the research findings it is clear that collaboration between the lay people and the biomedical approach to healing is essential for successful control of HIV/AIDS and stigma. There is no cure for AIDS but Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) can prolong life by keeping the level of HIV in the body at low levels therefore delaying the process between HIV and AIDS, (Robin, 2009). While ARVs are now readily available in most countries, concerns are mostly centred on the rising numbers of newly infected people. According to the World Bank, 60 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Access to treatment has increased dramatically but for every 100 people on treatment, 250 become newly infected, (www.worldbank.org/EOL81VLA20 ). For this reason, pressure in now rising on the effectiveness of only relying on the biomedical approach as a concept of health and healing HIV/AIDS. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS need to be tackled using both the biomedical approach and the lay perspective for prevent ion and treatment to be effective. The shortfall of the biomedical approach to treatment lies on its focus that is restricted to the physical illness of an individuals body and the scientific understanding of disease therefore making the approach heavily based on pharmacology. While pharmacology is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS, it benefits the pharmaceutical industry which has also been critiqued as hindering the progress on controlling HIV/AIDS. Pharmacology further promotes the privilege of the biomedical model which may be inappropriate to the communities and create feelings of helplessness and vulnerability. This may contribute to the undermining of alternative approaches to treatment and prevention, (Global Health Watch, 2008, Rowden, 2009, Farmer, 1999). Such interventions are not successful in nations who believe in indigenous forms of healing, for example the dependency on traditional healing in Africa. The lay approaches to healing are effective because they are embedded within local social and cultural structures, but as with HIV/AIDS care, this cannot be confirmed as true. Unlike in the biomedical approach, indigenous approaches seek to heal the whole person by linking the illness with the persons social and economic background. In South Africa, despite people heavily relying on traditional healing approaches, the HIV prevalence continued to rise. Significance towards effective control of the epidemic has been noted with the increase in accessibility of ARVs, (Colvin, 2009). In the UNAIDS report on global AIDS epidemic 2010, in 7 countries, five of them in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, HIV incidences increased by more than 25% between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, although still remaining the most highly affected by the epidemic, figures either stabilised or showed signs of decline owing to positive behaviour due to increased services that are embedded in local culture. T he report affirms that stigma and discrimination, lack of access to services and bad laws can make the epidemic worse, (www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report.htm). The attribute to increased incidences in Europe and Central Asia could be on the countries reliability only on the biomedical model of healing. Baum, (2008) asserts that community level mobilisation where there is partnership between the lay people and structures is the effective way of combating HIV/AIDS and stigma. Active participation of lay people will not only promote individual level responses to dealing with the stigma, access to care and preventing of HIV/AIDS but could also go a long way in improving global public health, (Parker and Aggleton, 2003). Improving health care services and making them accessible to people living with HIV/AIDS without fear of being stigmatised, educating health care professionals about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that encourage inclusion of people living with HIV/AIDS in decisions that affect their lives are some of the key factors of effectively tackling the epidemic, (Farmer, 1990:90). Advocacy is another way lay people engaged to improve the relationship between health structures and people living HIV/AIDS. The Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS, (GIPA), formally adopted as a principle at an AIDS Summit in 1994 emphasises the need for involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS at all levels in the fight against the disease. According to UNAIDS, people living with HIV/AIDS understand their situation better therefore their voices could be heard well if their needs were presented by people in the same situation, (www.unaids.org). In the Zambia study, with supportive structures, the professionals living with HIV/AIDS are in a better position to advocate for people accessing services. Baum, (2008:550) claims that advocacy involving public health practitioners is an effective way of influencing structural barriers in public health. Both the biomedical and lay perspective approaches to health, healing and prevention of HIV/AIDS and stigma have both benefits and limitations. There is therefore the need for holistic approaches that collaborates both models for HIV/AIDS and stigma interventions to be effective. HIV/AIDS has claimed a lot of lives and continues to claim more; through collective action of the societies and the national structures the epidemic could be controlled.

From Source to Shore an Amazon Success Story Essay

From Source to Shore An Amazon Success Story By Ankit Shah Amazon is one of the first ventures that set out to tap the potential of web for retail business. It’s hard to believe that a business that started out of founder Jeff Bezos’ garage in 1994 has revenues of over $32 billion today. What is even harder to believe is that the company didn’t make any profit for first 5 years of its conception. Looking back, many leading business analysts see Amazon’s business plan as one of the soundest yet simple business plans, or virtuous cycle as it is more popularly known, of that era. Figure 1: Amazon’s Business Plan. A sharp customer focus was the key take away of the business plan. While the general market trend during the dot com boom was of aggressively fending off competition, Amazon remained faithful towards the simplest principle of the industry, â€Å"It’s a Customer’s Market†. Driven by his will to increase customer satisfaction, Bezos made hefty investments in research and technology which was also new to the market. Consistent upgrades to the web portal made it increasingly easy to use and opened up the market by introducing its customers to products that were not available at a regular retail store. Features like personal recommendations, search inside a book, wish lists were highly customer centric and quickly caught the attention of the e-shoppers. The high variety offered by Amazon enticed even more customers after the features like rating a product, reviews and discussions were added. Figure 2 shows the current customer satisfaction standing of Amazon and its competitors. Figure 2: American Customer Satisfaction Index (Internet Retailers). Feb 2011. Recognizing the importance of the long tail market has also played a part in Amazon’s increasing customer satisfaction scores. Being an online retailer, Amazon has the flexibility to offer obscure products to its customers. The ease of obtaining products and items, which are rarely available at regular stores, is a key USP of Amazon. It is also a major profit maker for Amazon. Figure 3: The Long Tail Phenomenon Consistent high scores on the customer satisfaction index and the sound business strategy reaped its first profit in 2001, by which time Amazon had become a household name. Customer satisfaction is identified as a leading contributor to a company’s profits by many leading industry experts. Figure 4: Contribution of various Business Performance Factors to Shareholder Value ‘Cost of attracting a new customer is almost 4 times the cost of retaining an old one’ is a statistic that is widely accepted in the industry. This translates to huge savings in Figure 5: Reason for customers to stop dealing with vendors operational costs as Amazon stands at over 81 million registered users today. As Amazon concentrated on building deeper customer relationships, it also came up with innovative ways to leverage these relationships to increase sales. Bill me later’ was introduced to increase the buying power of the existing customers. It allowed customers to buy a product instantly but be billed at a later date. Amazon Marketplace is a service that allows users to buy and sell used items. It is also a great example of how Amazon has leveraged its customer relationship to create new opportunities as the success of such a venture depends greatly on the customer relationships. The Brand Value of Amazon has also seen an upward movement similar to the customer satisfaction index. This has also helped Amazon attract more customers and increase its market presence. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 36 Amazon 65 62 58 43 Brand Index Figure 6: Amazon’s Increasing Brand Value [5] The increasing brand value and the saturating market in United States have urged Amazon to spread into international markets. Amazon began its European expansion by acquiring Bookpages. co. uk in 1997. The international market growth of Amazon has been steadily increasing in the new markets and off late has come at power with the US market in terms of contribution to the revenue stream. Figure 7: International Sales vs US Sales The categorical waterfall approach to international expansion coupled with religious adherence to the customer centric business model is the major contributor to Amazon’s success in international markets. The international expansion time line below shows that Amazon favors American market to introduce its new product lines and features. Also, the American market still remains Amazon’s favorite in terms of wide product line. Figure 8: International Expansion Timeline for Amazon. Amazon is now moving towards establishing itself as a global leader in e-tailing. In keeping with its sound business model, Amazon is still focused towards innovating customer centric features and targeting customer satisfaction as a primary goal. With an increasing presence in international markets, Amazon also faces increasing competition from local e-tailers. Entering a market by acquiring an existing player is a strategy that has worked for Amazon. Country Acquired Year UK Bookpages. co. uk 1998 Germany Telebuch. e in 1998 China Joyo. com 2004 Figure 9: Amazon’s International Acquisitions.   Amazon also offers many country specific features and variations to its product line. This differentiation approach towards international markets plays a key role in building a market value and capturing market share. Country Canada Features †¢ Choice of language between French and English on the web portal. †¢ Canadian website Amazon. ca which is fully managed from the USA and on which Canadian customers can place their orders. To avoid expensive exporting from the USA, Amazon has entered partnerships with publishers and wholesalers from which customers are directly supplied. †¢ Offers a separate UK product selection. †¢ Provision to pay through postal orders. †¢ The German subsidiary is also responsible for serving the Austrian market. †¢ Provision to pay using cheques. †¢ Pays a small fine for ignoring the 5% limit for discount on books. †¢ Reduced its French staff and outsourced some of its administrative functions to the UK. †¢ Used the existing delivery system established by joyo. com instead of nation wide couriers.

Assessing Books in Line with the Greenaway Medal Criteria Essay

The Kate Greenaway Medal is one of the most prestigious awards given in the UK. It is awarded annually for distinguished illustration in children’s books. Awarded along with the Carnegie Award (given for distinguished writing in children’s books), the Greenaway Medal is given by the Chartered Institute of Librarians and Information Professionals (CILIP). For more than half a century now, the Greenaway Medal has been regarded as one of the most aspired recognitions by illustrators. Since it was first awarded in the year 1956, hundreds of prominent British book artists like Lauren Child, Anthony Browne, Shirley Hughes, and John Burningham have already received the award. The criteria Books which are nominated for CILIP’s Kate Greenaway medal must be of exceptional artistic quality. Focusing on the visual experience, the illustrated book must be stimulating and engaging. Although the graphic elements are prioritized, the texts must be properly coordinated with the images. Among the most important factors which must be assessed are the creative style, format, harmonization between illustration and text, and the visual experience. â€Å"The Baby Who Wouldn’t Go to Bed† by Helen Cooper The book tackles the story of a boy who simply refuses to go to sleep. When his mother calls for Bedtime, the boy drives away in his car and travel on to the night in search for a companion for his night quest. However, he constantly fails at his attempts to find the perfect comrade in the magical world full of characters from his toys. In the end, he realizes that nighttime is truly bedtime. He is then reunited with his mother, who like also cannot sleep as she was in search for him. To start with, the medium used for the book â€Å"The baby who wouldn’t go to bed† is quite suitable for its purpose. The visual images were not just appropriate – but rather very crucial to promote a general idea of the story. Although the concept presented in the book can also be delivered successfully through audio-visual mediums, the printed one is also equally fitting. Readers cannot help but notice that the visual images presented in the book follows the central theme that the story diverges on – a dreamy night. The images on the book well deliver the story from the sun setting to an overwhelming darkness all on its own as the readers go over the story page by page. As the story progresses, the shades and colors go darker and more looming with every page. Basically, the style of presentation of the texts and images vary. Some texts are matched with images much like groups of idea clumped together to present a segment of the story. In this style, the texts and images complement each other much like a painting with a written description. In other pages, the texts are separated from the visual images, thereby promoting the idea that the images only serve as a supplementary backdrop of the story. In some cases, the texts act as mere subtitles or captions for the graphics. Consistent throughout the whole book however is the dreamy style of illustration that is distinctively unique. Focusing on the typography, readers will find the book a pleasant read as its texts come in bold roman prints offered in the right sizes fit for kid’s reading. To a certain extent, the texts which are sparingly arranged in no more than five lines a paragraph heightens the reading appeal of the book. The spacing of the fonts and lines also makes each page pleasing to the eye. The lay-out of the book varies from page to page and that lack of a uniform presentation style adds up to the surprise element of the story. The texts do not appear intrusive. However, there are some pages where the texts are not placed in successive orders. This lack of order prompts a reader to ignore some texts so as to focus more on the highly important texts. A particular example is on page eight, where texts â€Å"The little car went slower†¦ and slower†¦ and slower† will probably be ignored as the more integral content (â€Å"The musicians played such a sweet tune†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) attracts the reader’s whole attention. (Cooper) Among the most notable characteristics of the book was the fact that the images and the texts were complementing with each other. Both were much needed for the presentation of the story and both of which enhanced the effect of one towards the full comprehension of the story. Another positive aspect of the book is the fact that the illustration were all very clear as to what message that they wanted to deliver – it even seems that the pictures/ graphics alone can tell the story without the texts. In general, this book gives young ones (twelve months to six years) a good reading experience as it combines reality with imagination by merging a typical night time scenario with a magical and dreamy presentation. It plays out a pre-existing experience into a dreamy adventure that is packed with much imagination left to be unveiled by the reader. It serves well as a nighttime book that’s meant to be read just before naptime – and its whole significantly proves that it is in line with that theme. â€Å"Jethro Byrd Fairy Child† by Bob Graham The book â€Å"Jethro Byrd fairy Child† explores an age-old theme – the need to enjoy the small wonders of life and keep oneself imaginative despite an adult’s tendency to formulate a very preoccupied life as he welcomes maturity. In the book, Annabelle spends most of her time trying to find fairies. Fortunately, she discovers that they are really true as she meets the fairy child by the name of Jethro Byrd in her own backyard. She also meets the rest of the Byrd family and invites them for tea. Unfortunately, her parents cannot see the fairies and Annabelle wonders what would happen if she would just go with the fairies and leave her family behind. Just like any good fairytale book that is jam-packed with lots of creative juices, this book is an appropriate medium for the story. A book that’s full of illustrations is probably the best way of delivering a story with a fairy plot like this. However, although the theme and the plot of the story are both cliches, the illustrations are not. The graphics and the artist’s style are very distinguishing as it almost focuses only on a single setting – a backyard in a suburban area. Although the whole story seems is full of magical elements, what’s good about the illustrations is that they tone down the imaginations. The graphic images do not offer the same magical bluff that most fairy stories deliver. Instead, they create a more casual and simple theme that allows the readers to dwell on a balanced storytelling style – one wherein both the texts and the images are telling the story. In addition to that, the quality of the washed-out illustrations was consistently appealing all throughout the book. The simple style works well with the theme which is also straightforward and easy to follow. As for the typography, the book also rated well. The typeface and size were fit for the reading requirements of young ones four to seven years old. Another good thing about the book is that there was no uniform style of placing the texts. The texts were placed on the top, bottom, left, or right side of the page, depending on the demands of the graphical elements for every page. Such made the layout more appealing. Moreover, since the texts were properly placed, they did not appear intrusive in each page despite the fact that they were a bit too many lines for every page. Instead, the texts took on a very integral role to fully comprehend the flow of the story. Unlike other books with illustrations however, this one would probably fail to tell the story based on the graphical elements alone. Fortunately, the need for texts was met fully in a creatively appealing manner. The illustrations and the texts were also very much in synch. The artist made use of recurring visual images – the fence and the backyard setting – to normalize the magical theme and keep the readers abreast with the values and the theme that the story wanted to portray and develop. To set the normal setting of the story, the illustrations on the covers and title page of the book were used as an introductory element showing a casual metropolitan/suburban scenario. Unlike other graphical books which appear as picture mosaics, this one is more organized and fit for a child. The book’s use of images is not merely for decorative purposes. Rather, the images harmonize one’s imagination and reality. It merges the idea of fairy existence to normal day-to-day experiences, therefore engaging more young readers. With these illustrations, young readers cannot help but think of their own backyard and their own probable adventures with the fairies that they might find. Overall, the visual experience that this book offers is simple but overwhelmingly clear and engaging. The story which revolved around a simple plot with a spice of magical elements requires just these plain illustrative elements. As the illustrations normalize Annabelle’s adventure, the book becomes more engaging and pleasing to read. The colors used and the water-color style of the graphics also gave the book a very heartwarming appeal. Conclusions The two books fit the criteria of the Kate Greenaway Medal on the following grounds: the artistic style portrayed in the books were unique and distinctive; the illustrations were in sync with texts; the illustrations were clear; the illustrations did not appear like picture upholsteries, rather, they increased one’s understanding of the story. In general, the visual experiences offered by the books were engaging, enhancing the book’s ability to attract and retain the young reader’s interest in literary works. WORKS CITED: Helen Cooper. â€Å"The Baby who wouldn’t Go to Bed. † Toronto, ON: Doubleday Canada, 1996. Bob Graham. â€Å"Jethro Byrd Fairy Child. † Cambridge, Mass. : Candlewick Press, 2005, c2002

There are multiple definitions for SIDS, otherwise known...

There are multiple definitions for SIDS, otherwise known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. According to the textbook Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions by Margaret Frazier and Jeanette Drzymkowski, this disease is defined as â€Å"the sudden and unpredicted death of an infant under the age of one year†. Another source, the Ohio Department of Health describes it as â€Å"the sudden death of an infant less than one year of age, which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a thorough autopsy, investigation of the death scene and a evaluation of the clinical history†. Although there are numerous explanations as to what this particular disease is, one thing remains a certain constant: the†¦show more content†¦However, multiple risk factors are thought to increase the risk of an infant dying from SIDS. The textbook Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions describes many of these contributing elements, such as, â €Å"smoking and drug abuse during the pregnancy, poor prenatal care, exposure of the infant to secondhand smoke, prematurity, recent upper respiratory tract infection in the infant, sleeping in the prone position, and a sibling with apnea†. Others in the medical field believe that there are genetic anomalies that can create a disposition to SIDS in an infant. One such individual is Debra Wood, R.N at the NYU-Langone Medical Center. In her article on SIDS, she proposes multiple genomic irregularities that could play a part in the eventual diagnosis of this disorder: â€Å"abnormalities in a section of the brain that controls breathing during sleep and waking, abnormalities in the control of heart rhythm, changes in how serotonin (a neurotransmitter) functions in the brain, changes in some components of the immune system, inadequate arousal response to breathing obstruction or asphyxia—a lack of oxygen or excess carbon dioxide in the body caused by interruption of brea thing; may cause unconsciousness†. The Ohio Department of Health lists multiple maternal factors that are deemed important : placental abnormalities, low weight gain during pregnancy, anemia and a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) or urinary tract infection (UTI). Environmental factors to be notedShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center

Character Analysis Of The Glass Menagerie - 1463 Words

The playwright Tennessee Williams referred to his play, The Glass Menagerie as a â€Å"Memory Play.† The play is narrated in perspective of the character, Tom Wingfield, his memory of living in an apartment with his overbearing mother, Amanda, and his shy sister Laura. Tom is an aspiring poet who is forced to work in a shoe warehouse to support his sister Laura and his mother Amanda. His sister Laura is a shy girl with a limp as a result of pleurosis attack as a teenager, who needs to be constantly taken care of as her glass figurines. His mother Amanda is a single parent who is infatuated with her past and nags her children to meet her expectations of better life. The Glass Menagerie is a play about how living in the past and memories can†¦show more content†¦Why, sometimes there weren’t chairs enough to accommodate them all! We had to send the nigger over to bring on folding chairs from the parish house (Williams 770). However, Amanda is a mother after all, and wakes up time to time from her dreams and tries very hard to fight against the grim world. At times Amanda comes off as evil women nagging the life out of her children but, â€Å"there is a certain pathetic heroism in her efforts to provide for her children† (Da Ponte 815); as she withstands the humiliation of selling magazine subscriptions in order to enhance her children’s future: â€Å"Ida Scott? This is Amanda Wingfield! We missed you at the D.A.R. last Monday! [†¦] Well, I just happened to notice that your subscription to the Companion’s about to expire! [†¦] just when that wonderful new serial by Bessie Mae Hopper is getting off to such an exciting start. [†¦] What—Burning?—Oh, honey, don’t let them burn, go take a look in the oven and I’ll hold the wire! Heavens—I think she’s hung up! (Williams 775). Amanda with her colorful characteristics, she often d ramatizes her actions throughout the play to deliver her emotions. â€Å"Her first part is that of martyred mother. When she removes her hat and gloves, she does so with a theatrical gesture†Show MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of The Glass Menagerie by Tenessee Williams1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams had ordinary people in an ordinary life that closely resembled the influences of Williams’ personal life while having reoccurring themes and motifs throughout the story. The play has been done by many with some variations in the scripts and setting while still clinging to the basic ideas of the original play. Amanda Wingfield was a complex character that encompassed many facets of her personality. She longed to have the life she had as a girl and youngRead More Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie as a Tragedy Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesTennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie as a Tragedy The Glass Menagerie has, of course, been labelled as many different types of play, for one, a tragedy. At first glance it is clear that audiences today may, indeed, class it as such. However, if, looking at the traditional definition of the classification tragedy, one can more easily assess whether or not the Glass Menagerie fits under this title. To do this I will be using the views of Aristotle, the Greek Read MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesfigments of our own design? Regardless of reality’s genesis or authenticity it is indeed persistent and inescapable. 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Similarly, Laura, in The Glass Menagerie, deals with her self consciousnessRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie And Winnie Holzman And Stephen Schwartz s Mega Musical Wicked1316 Words   |  6 Pagesto life a more flashy, commercialized interpretation of this tool, and played to the societal theme of entertainment, as seen in the increase of musical theater (Janaro). A true example of this stark contrast is Tennessee Williams’ tragedy The Glass Menagerie and Winnie Holzman and Stephen Schwartz’s mega-musical Wicked. Although from fundamentally different eras and using the employment of distinctive structures that correlate with the different branches of theater, at the core, these stories speakRead MoreFool For Love Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages   Glass    Mengarie,   by   Tennessee   Williams’   will   be   used.   These   ideals   of   the   Ã¢â‚¬Å"American    Dream†,   prioritized   family,   and   psyche   that   have   been   formulated   through   Williams’    work,   hold   verisimilitude   to   the   way   individuals   have   navigated   and   continue   to    navigate   through   the   twentieth   and   twenty- ­Ã¢â‚¬ first   century.       Background          The   Glass   Menagerie   isRead MoreTennessee Williams: His Life in quot;Suddenly Last Summerquot; and quot;The Glass Menageriequot;2784 Words   |  12 PagesSuddenly Last Summer and The Glass Menagerie, we can find a great deal of autobiographical connections. 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It is the faceRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1455 Words   |  6 Pagessubmissions for this assignment are posts in the assignment s discussion. Below are the discussion posts for Samantha Stepzinski, or you can view the full discussion. from Discussion #1 - The Glass Menagerie Sep 8, 2017 10:31pm Click to change profile picture for Samantha Stepzinski In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the main topic of discussion is trying to find Laura a suitable gentleman caller that Amanda, her mother, would approve; however the overall theme is much deeper than thatRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams914 Words   |  4 PagesVarious psychological frameworks can be applied to analyze the problems of literary characters, as well as those of real people. One such framework is Buddhism with its analysis of suffering and its causes. Noted Buddhist teacher Thich Nhat Hanh states that Letting go gives us freedom, and freedom is the only condition for happiness. If, in our heart, we still cling to anything – anger, anxiety, or possessions – we cannot be free (78). More specifically, Nhat Hanh and many other Buddhists recommend

Mixed Agency An Ethical Dilemma - 1591 Words

Mixed Agency: An Ethical Dilemma Military mental health providers hold dual roles as clinicians and commissioned officers. While they are bound by the ethical code and professional guidelines of their profession, they are also held to the standard of Department of Defense (DoD) statutes and regulations. They are expected to provide competent clinical care but also enforce military boundaries and discipline (McCauley, Hacker Hughes, Liebling-Kalifani, 2008). Likewise, there may be duality in the provider’s obligation, both to the patient/service member and to their higher command. These conflicting relationships and obligations are referred to as mixed agency (Kennedy Johnson, 2009; Kennedy Moore, 2008). Ultimately, the provider’s responsibility to the unit’s mission may not always align with the best interests of the patient (McCauley et al., 2008). Ethical issues of mixed agency are often exacerbated by circumstances of serving in deployed settings, where the provider will often live and work in close contact with patients, further blurring the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship (McCauley et al., 2008). At smaller installations with limited resources, patients may even include the provider’s colleagues or supervisors (Dobmeyer, 2013; McCauley et al., 2008). Additionally, providers may be tasked with operational roles (Johnson Kennedy, 2010) or be expected to provide services for which they have little to no experience or training (Kennedy Johnson,Show MoreRelatedModern Law Enforcement Of The London Metropolitan Police District1231 Words   |  5 Pagescan be found in Skolnick’s case study of the San Francisco. 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Psychologists also consult with interrogators on the application of polygraph tests and the analysis of the results. Although polygraph testing is used frequently in local and federal agencies, it is not supported by the scientific community as a majority of scientists believe that the tests are not â€Å"theoretically sound†, that they do not have a high validity and that the test could be beaten as a result. Again, this application does

Neural Correlates Mediating False Recollection †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Neural Correlates Mediating False Recollection. Answer: Introduction Memory is defined as the recollection of information. It is ascertained as implicit or explicit memory that was experienced in the recent or distant past. As age increases, the capacity to recall memories decreases. However, a child also generally has lesser memory to recall than that of an adult. The recollection capability of texts increases from childhood to adulthood and then starts decreasing in the course of aging towards older ages. Multiple studies have been conducted on the deficit in memory with respect to age on texts. According to some researches, memory decreases in older people as they utilise the non-optimal strategies relating to attentional allocation of linguistic processes less often then young. For example, older age readers are less likely to relate newly introduced concepts with concepts that are already known to them. Thus it results in fragmented, fragile and less distinctive mental representation of the texts (Fine, Shing Naveh-Benjamin, 2018). Remembering texts is cognated to attentional resources of conceptual processing. Multiple researches have concluded that there have been differences in recollecting and recognizing texts between the young and older people in case of explicit memory measures. On the other hand, recollecting and recognizing texts have not shown significant differences between the young and older people in case of implicit memory measures. Both the young and older people maintain equivalent efficiency in implicit tasks (Staresina et al., 2016). Thus, the researches tested for the differences between recollecting and recognizing texts between young and old people. Recollection mainly involves retrieving the information that is stored in the memory. The retrieval capacity decreases in people as they grow older. According to another study, it has been seen that the impairment of memory along with increase of age not only depends on the ability to retrieve, but also on the nature of the information that has to be retrieved. It is known that implicit memory measures are dependent on processing which is perceptual in nature and explicit memory measures is dependent on processing which is conceptual in nature (Dennis, Bowman Peterson, 2014). Studies show that as age increases, the conceptual processing of the memory grows weaker thus resulting in lesser recollection power (Koen Yonelinas, 2014). Another important result from another study observed that the recollection ability is lacking in infants. It is inconceivable for infants to recognize and recollect texts during their infancy stage. Thus, gradually with an increase in age and education, young children develops recollection power (Humphrey, 2017). After a particular age during adulthood, the recollection power starts to decrease again. And eventually as a person grows older, their ability to recall texts also similarily starts to decrease. As such, the recollection graph follows the shape of an inverted U (Leshikar, Dulas Duarte, 2015). The current research was conducted as an experimental study. The purpose to is to find out if the ability to recall is impressed upon age. To answer this research question, participants were selected to provide the statistics necessary for analyses. The results were then interpreted in the following sections. The main aim of this research is to evaluate whether there is any relationship between age and recollection capacity of a person. Appropriate hypothesis testing techniques have been applied to test the differences in the recollecting power of the participants in the two experimental groups. And to conduct the hypothesis test, the following null and alternate hypothesis have been constructed. The null hypothesis to ascertain the results is that there is no difference in the recollecting power between younger and older people. The alternate hypothesis is that there are significant differences in the recollecting power between younger and older people. The dataset that is used for this study have been modified from the original dataset used by Howell (2012) for his research. The data here is collected from a pre-recorded information. Thus, the study is based on secondary data. Selected participants were provided with a set of texts and were instructed to remember it. The participants were then tested on their ability recall the texts provided to them. The amount of text recalled by the participants were recorded as their recall ability and the results were applied in One-Way Between Groups ANOVA in this current research. In addition, a correlational analysis was also applied to test whether there is any relationship between age and recollection capability as it provides information on whether the two different variables are positively related or negatively related. To test the intensity of the correlation is to what extent, regression analysis was applied to provide information on whether recollection capability increases or decrea ses with the increase in age of the participants. This analysis was chosen as it tests the degree of change in the dependent variable with unit change in the independent variable. The research conducted had a sample of 100 participants. Among the 100 participants, 50 participants between the age of 18 to 30 years of age were placed in the Young Group and 50 participants between the age of 55 to 65 were placed in the Older Group. It was also noted that amongst the 100 participants, 56 of the participants were female and 44 of the participants were male. As such there are more female participants in this research than male participants. Though there is not a huge difference between the gender demographic of the participants, it is still possible that the sample collected may represent the population appropriately. Table 1: Frequency table indicating the Gender of the participants Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid female 56 56.0 56.0 56.0 male 44 44.0 44.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 One of the variables that needs to be accounted for is the level of education of the participants. Table 2 shows the number of years of education received by the participants and from the analysis, 56 out of 100 participants have completed 13 years of education; 26 out of 100 participants have completed 15 years of education; and 18 out of 100 participants have completed up to 14 years of education. The information eliminates the confound of education being a variable that may have affected the reliability of the data collected since the participants were considerably educated thus are relatively competent to participate in this study Table 2: Frequency table indicating the Educational qualification of the participants Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 13.00 56 56.0 56.0 56.0 14.00 18 18.0 18.0 74.0 15.00 26 26.0 26.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Before proceeding with any further analysis, the tests of normality was applied on the data obtained from the participants of this research. The test was mainly conducted on the recollecting capability of the people. Thus, the test of normality has been applied on the recollection variable. To determine if normality assumptions have been met, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied as the sample size more than 50. The Shapiro-Wilk test is mainly applied for interpretation when sample size is smaller than 50. Referring to the table of results of the normality tests, it can be seen that the significance value is less than .05, 5% level of significance. Thus, the normality assumptions are violated for the recollection variable. This is further supported by the residual plot shown in Figure 3. The residuals should follow a linear trend is the does not violate the normality assumptions. In the current research, the residual plot does not follow the linear trend thus, the test of normality assumptions are violated by the recollection variable. Table 3: Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Recall .137 100 .000 .942 100 .000 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction Normality assumption for the variable RecallNext, to test the relationship between the variables of age and recollection power of the participants, correlation and regression analysis have been applied. The results of the correlation analysis supports that the correlation coefficient has been obtained as -0.286. Thus, it can be said that age and recollecting power of the participants are negatively related. Although the corelation is weak, it does not underpin that with an increase in age the recalling power of the participants decreased. Table 4: Correlation between age and recall age Recall age Pearson Correlation 1 -.286** Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 100 100 Recall Pearson Correlation -.286** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 100 100 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). It can be observed from the regression analysis that the regression model of age and recollection power is significant. This is further supported by the observation that as age increases by one year, the recalling power of the participant decreases by 0.057 times. Thus it is likely that through the regression analysis, only 8.2 percent of the variability in the recalling power can be explained by age. Table 5: Model Summary for regression between Age and Recall Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .286a .082 .073 4.999 a. Predictors: (Constant), age Table 6: ANOVA for the variable recall with respect to age Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 218.587 1 218.587 8.746 .004b Residual 2449.203 98 24.992 Total 2667.790 99 a. Dependent Variable: Recall b. Predictors: (Constant), age Table 7: Regression Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 14.406 1.069 13.472 .000 age -.057 .019 -.286 -2.957 .004 a. Dependent Variable: Recall As it was observed that there is a weak relationship between age and recalling power, an Independent Sample t-test was applied to compare the recalling powers of Young Group (n = 50) and Older Group (n = 50). The t test was statistically significant (M = 3.10, SD = ____), t(98) = 3.11, p .05. Application of the G*power software also showed the Cohens d is d = 2.5 which is higher than 0.8. As such, it supports that the sample size selected is likely to be effective. The null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, there is significant difference between the recollecting power between Young Group and Older Group. From the results, it is likely that the regression analysis of the sample may support that recollecting power decreases with the increase in age. Table 8: Group Statistics AgeGroup N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Recall Young 50 13.16 5.787 .818 Older 50 10.06 4.007 .567 Table 9: Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Recall Equal variances assumed 16.132 .000 3.114 98 .002 3.100 .995 1.125 5.075 Equal variances not assumed 3.114 87.209 .002 3.100 .995 1.122 5.078 Discussion From the analysis mentioned under the results section, it can be observed that the results from the current study is in line with other similar researches. There is a significantly lower level of recollecting power in the Older Group than the Young Group and thee sample size applied in this current study was efficient for the purpose of this research. There variable of age was categorised into two levels young and older. The selected participants of the current study were suiting as the age of the participants appropriately represented the age groups targeted for this study. None of the participants selected were aged between 30 and 55 years and below 18 years in order to further augment the targeted age group for this study. The correlation obtained in the current research was determined that there is a negative relationship between age and recollecting power and that correlation between the 2 main variables were weak. According to other similar studies, it was found that the recollecting power with respect to age is U shaped. This finding was not obtained in the current study. It is likely that if more age groups were targeted in this study, the result may have reflected the same as the other similar studies. Also, it might have been more accurate to use the same participants at different age stages and conduct within group ANOV A to reduce any unaccountable confounds due to the participants selected in the study. There sample size considered for this study was appropriate and has shown effectiveness in representing the population. Conclusion Based on the results from the this study, it likely that there is significant differences in the recalling capability of texts between young and old people. The recalling power in the younger population is possibly better or higher than the older population. It was also observed from the correlation and the regression analysis that with the increase in age, there has been a significant decrease in the capacity to recall texts. However, due to the current research only focusing on two specific age groups, the study would have been more accurate if we considered a wider range of age group and considered doing a long term study based on the same group of participants throughout difference age stages. References Dennis, N. A., Bowman, C. R., Peterson, K. M. (2014). Age-related differences in the neural correlates mediating false recollection.Neurobiology of Aging,35(2), 395-407. Fine, H. C., Shing, Y. L., Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2018). Effects of changes in schematic support and of item repetition on age-related associative memory deficits: Theoretically-driven empirical attempts to reduce older adults high false alarm rate.Psychology and aging,33(1), 57. Howell, D. C. (2012).Statistical methods for psychology. Cengage Learning. Humphrey, A. (2017). The Cult of Krazy Kat: Memory and Recollection in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship,7. Koen, J. D., Yonelinas, A. P. (2014). The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimers disease on recollection and familiarity: a meta-analytic review.Neuropsychology review,24(3), 332-354. Leshikar, E. D., Dulas, M. R., Duarte, A. (2015). Self-referencing enhances recollection in both young and older adults.Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition,22(4), 388-412. Staresina, B. P., Michelmann, S., Bonnefond, M., Jensen, O., Axmacher, N., Fell, J. (2016). Hippocampal pattern completion is linked to gamma power increases and alpha power decreases during recollection.Elife,5.